What is Transformer? Definition and Working Principle
Contents
What is Transformer?
A transformer, a passive electrical device, serves the purpose of transferring electrical energy from one circuit to another through the process of electromagnetic induction. Its primary function revolves around altering voltage levels, either increasing them (referred to as "step-up") or decreasing them (known as "step-down"), between circuits.
Transformer Theory
The underlying working principle of a transformer is straightforward. It relies on mutual induction, which occurs when two or more windings, also called coils, interact. This interaction enables the transfer of electrical energy between circuits. To delve deeper into this principle, let's explore the intricacies.
Consider a winding, or coil, that receives power from an alternating electrical source. As the alternating current flows through this winding, it generates a continuously changing and alternating flux that surrounds the coil.
When another winding is brought into proximity with the first one, a portion of this alternating flux will link with the second winding. As the amplitude and direction of the flux constantly change, it induces a changing flux linkage in the second winding or coil.
According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, this changing flux linkage results in an electromotive force (EMF) being induced in the second winding. If the circuit of this secondary winding is closed, a current will flow through it. This is the fundamental working principle of a transformer.
To aid in visualizing this process, let's employ electrical symbols. The winding that receives electrical power from the source is known as the "primary winding" or "first coil." Conversely, the winding that yields the desired output voltage due to mutual induction is commonly referred to as the "secondary winding" or "second coil."
When the number of turns on the primary coil exceeds that of the secondary coil, the transformer is classified as a step-down transformer, as it decreases the voltage level. Conversely, if the primary coil has fewer turns than the secondary coil, the transformer is categorized as a step-up transformer, as it increases the voltage level.
While the transformer diagram depicted above is theoretically feasible in an ideal transformer, it is not practically viable. This is primarily because, in an open-air environment, only a minuscule portion of the flux generated by the primary coil will link with the secondary coil. As a result, the current flowing through the closed circuit connected to the secondary winding will be extremely small and challenging to measure.
To optimize the rate of change of flux linkage and ensure efficient operation, a core type transformer is employed. This type of transformer utilizes a core that provides a low reluctance path, which is common to both windings. By maximizing the amount of flux produced by the primary winding passing through the core and linking with the secondary winding, an effective transfer of energy is achieved.
The transformer core plays a crucial role in facilitating this process. Its purpose is to offer a low reluctance path through which the maximum amount of flux generated by the primary winding can pass and link with the secondary winding.
During the initial switch-on phase, the transformer experiences an inrush current, which refers to the current that flows through it at that moment.
For a more dynamic and visual explanation, you may find the following video elucidating:
Main Parts of a Transformer
1. Primary Winding of Transformer
This component, when connected to an electrical source, generates magnetic flux.
2. Magnetic Core of Transformer
The magnetic flux produced by the primary winding traverses this low reluctance path, linking it with the secondary winding and creating a closed magnetic circuit.
3. Secondary Winding of Transformer
The flux generated by the primary winding passes through the core and links with the secondary winding. This winding, also wound on the same core, delivers the desired output of the transformer.
In summary, a transformer serves as a vital device in electrical systems, enabling the efficient transfer of electrical energy between circuits. Through its fundamental principles of mutual induction and flux linkage, it achieves the desired voltage transformation. Employing a core type transformer and optimizing the flux path ensures effective energy transfer. The primary winding, magnetic core, and secondary winding constitute the core components of a transformer, collectively working together to enable its functionality.
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